The Research Desk
Childhood emotional maltreatment is linked to trauma-related outcomes like PTSD and complex PTSD, with emotional abuse showing a slightly stronger connection than emotional neglect.
Childhood emotional maltreatment and trauma-related outcomes: a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis.
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Hashim, M., Sheel, H., Rahman, B., Altaf, A., Galán, C., Halligan, S., Rehman, U., Seedat, S., Del Toro, J., Fares-Otero, N.
In plain language
This systematic review and meta-analysis explores the impact of childhood emotional maltreatment (CEM) on trauma-related outcomes, specifically post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD). The study distinguishes between emotional abuse and emotional neglect to understand their respective influences on these conditions. Analyzing data from 62 studies, the research finds a significant association between CEM and trauma-related symptoms, with emotional abuse showing a slightly stronger link to PTSD/CPTSD than emotional neglect.
The analysis notes substantial variability in the findings, which might be influenced by factors such as economic context, with higher associations found in high-income settings. Despite the robust dataset, the study acknowledges limitations, including the predominance of cross-sectional designs and reliance on self-report measures, which may affect the certainty of the evidence.
Key findings
- There is a positive association between childhood emotional maltreatment and PTSD/CPTSD, with an effect size of r = .27.
- Emotional abuse has a stronger association with PTSD/CPTSD (r = .29) compared to emotional neglect (r = .24).
- No significant differences were found in the effects of CEM on PTSD/CPTSD based on sex, age, or clinical vs. non-clinical populations.
- Higher associations between CEM and trauma-related outcomes were noted in high-income and more developed contexts.
- The study identifies cognitive, affective, physiological, and interpersonal mechanisms as potential mediators of the relationship between CEM and trauma-related outcomes.
Why it matters for flourishing
Understanding the impact of childhood emotional maltreatment on mental health is crucial for developing effective interventions and support systems. This research highlights the need for targeted assessment and treatment strategies that address the specific types of emotional maltreatment experienced by individuals.
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Awareness of the distinct effects of emotional abuse and neglect can guide mental health professionals in tailoring therapeutic interventions. Individuals and caregivers can benefit from recognizing the signs of emotional maltreatment and seeking appropriate support early to mitigate long-term trauma-related outcomes.